{"id":3262,"date":"2026-08-16T12:58:37","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T11:58:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/?p=3262"},"modified":"2026-08-16T13:01:33","modified_gmt":"2026-08-16T12:01:33","slug":"improving-u-s-and-global-security","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/language\/ar\/2026\/08\/16\/improving-u-s-and-global-security\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3262\" class=\"elementor elementor-3262\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-085034a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"085034a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ac896ae\" data-id=\"ac896ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29f6822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29f6822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.14.0 - 18-06-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:right;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645<\/strong><strong>: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/david-vine\/\"><strong>\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u060c <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/patterson-deppen\/\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0646<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u060c \u0648<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/leah-bolger\/\"><strong>\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0631<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/djallel-khechib-ph-d-09917b113\/\"><strong>\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652<\/strong><\/a><\/p><p><strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a: <\/strong><strong>\u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633<\/strong> <strong>2026<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12930bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12930bf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-07d97c7\" data-id=\"07d97c7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6d6416 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6d6416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Title in English<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/david-vine\/\">David Vine<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/patterson-deppen\/\">Patterson Deppen<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/leah-bolger\/\">Leah Bolger,<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/research\/drawdown-improving-u-s-and-global-security-through-military-base-closures-abroad\/\"><strong>Drawdown: Improving U.S. and Global Security Through Military Base Closures Abroad,<\/strong><\/a> <strong>Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, <\/strong>September 20, 2021\/ US.<\/p><p><strong>Reviewed by:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/djallel-khechib-ph-d-09917b113\/\">Djallel Khechib<\/a><\/p><p><strong>Translation:<\/strong> August 2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-545f1a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"545f1a4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-495507c\" data-id=\"495507c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3756994 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3756994\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 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\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 20\u201330 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u06485 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1976 \u06482018 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0630 2018\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e9dfad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e9dfad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f744744\" data-id=\"f744744\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e63b954 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e63b954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.14.0 - 18-06-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture2-1024x689.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3266\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture2-1024x689.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture2-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture2-768x517.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture2-1536x1033.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture2.jpg 1950w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ad298a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ad298a3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17cb08d\" data-id=\"17cb08d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d27ecf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d27ecf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a.<\/p><p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0650 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f <\/strong><strong>152<\/strong><strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><strong>CIGA<\/strong><strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644-\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d6227fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d6227fb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e5008c\" data-id=\"7e5008c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac4c4cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac4c4cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/david-vine\/\"><strong>\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d790c09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d790c09\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a122ced\" data-id=\"a122ced\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7a6d2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f7a6d2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"188\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3267\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5307f57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5307f57\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec313ad\" data-id=\"ec313ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b51f3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b51f3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/david-vine\/\"><strong>\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u060c<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c 2020)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627: \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u00bb (Metropolitan Books\/Henry Holt\u060c 2015)\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u064a\u063a\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627\u00bb (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c 2009). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d96850 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0d96850\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77da5be\" data-id=\"77da5be\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b98038 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b98038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/patterson-deppen\/\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0646<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3fefcc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3fefcc1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bcb106\" data-id=\"2bcb106\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-679e775 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"679e775\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3268\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1687ed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1687ed1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a18a192\" data-id=\"a18a192\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83ae158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83ae158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/patterson-deppen\/\"><strong>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0646<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u060c<\/strong> \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 World BEYOND War\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 E-International Relations\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a E-International Relations \u0648TomDispatch \u0648The Progressive. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a TomDispatch\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p><p>\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d688895 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d688895\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfd3c40\" data-id=\"dfd3c40\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8b790f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8b790f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/leah-bolger\/\"><strong>\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0631<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2dfecc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2dfecc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3db4ca0\" data-id=\"3db4ca0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd2e94c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bd2e94c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"201\" height=\"213\" src=\"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Picture5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3269\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-86d6fae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"86d6fae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f13dd8e\" data-id=\"f13dd8e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b44580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b44580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/quincyinst.org\/author\/leah-bolger\/\"><strong>\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0631<\/strong><\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f (Commander)\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (Veterans For Peace \u2013 VFP)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0641\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 World BEYOND War\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-44258ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"44258ba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57170d7\" data-id=\"57170d7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19d88be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19d88be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/djallel-khechib-ph-d-09917b113\/\"><strong>\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0169080 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0169080\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25fd644\" data-id=\"25fd644\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-213ad2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"213ad2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"263\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture3-1-263x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2815\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture3-1-263x300.jpg 263w, https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Picture3-1.jpg 266w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d6641f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d6641f1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ffb71ff\" data-id=\"ffb71ff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99c9195 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99c9195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/djallel-khechib-ph-d-09917b113\/\"><strong>\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652\u060c<\/strong><\/a> \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0643\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064d \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0(CIGA)\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645-\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627. \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 (\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u06313. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025 \u0623\u062a\u0651\u0645 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 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2024.<\/p><p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629) \u0633\u0646\u0629 2019 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 &#8211; \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644-\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2014.\u00a0<\/p><p>\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0647 (\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u06313 (2013- 2017) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 (\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0633\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 (2005-2009) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2015\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627-\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627.<\/p><p>\u062e\u064e\u0634\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2014 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0627\u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061f&#8221;\u00a0<\/p><p>\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/B0DGF8CSQ7?fbclid=IwY2xjawFbpiVleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHXsto-WOFDRSuOAqeFrVIPm3AWbT2z1YqzOaPe5z14x0eqML6KjIdAYOdQ_aem_dakpaLeOD_wnkjuuR-Oseg\">\u00ab\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u061f\u00bb<\/a> (2024\/\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u062f. \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/djallel-khechib-09917b113_my-latest-the-struggle-for-free-activity-7229183683474128897-gDPT\/?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=member_desktop\">\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064d \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064d \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u00bb<\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: 2024)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/photo\/?fbid=1108191676355626&amp;set=a.532515333923266\">\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064c \u0623\u0645 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u061f: \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u064a\u00bb<\/a> (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: <a href=\"https:\/\/bookstore.dohainstitute.org\/p-734.aspx\">\u00ab\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u00bb<\/a> (2015).<\/p><p>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0636\u064a\u0641\u064d 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\u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0650\u0646 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0651\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u064e\u0634\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0652 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2026 Title in English David Vine, Patterson Deppen, and Leah Bolger, Drawdown: Improving U.S. and Global Security Through Military Base Closures Abroad, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, September 20, 2021\/ US. Reviewed by: Djallel Khechib Translation: August 2026 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3265,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[72],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arabic-translations"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3262","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3262"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3278,"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3262\/revisions\/3278"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3265"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cigacriticalvoices.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}